| History of Western philosophy |
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| Western philosophy |
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Pre-Socratic · Ancient |
| See also |
| Western culture · Western world |
20th-century philosophy saw the development of a number of new philosophical schools including logical positivism, analytic philosophy, phenomenology, existentialism and poststructuralism. In terms of the eras of philosophy, it is usually labelled as contemporary philosophy (succeeding modern philosophy which runs roughly from the time of Descartes until the twentieth-century).
As with other academic disciplines, philosophy increasingly became professionalized in the twentieth century, and a split emerged between philosophers who thought of themselves as part of "analytic" and "continental" traditions
The 20th century brought with it the end of the modern era in philosophy and the initiation of contemporary philosophy. This new era in philosophy saw the professionalization of the discipline and the development of a deep divide between philosophers who labeled themselves “analytic” and philosophers who labeled themselves "continental", although there has been disputes regarding both the terminology and the reasons behind the divide, as well as philosophers who see themselves as bridging the divide. In addition, philosophy in the twentieth century became increasingly technical and harder to read by the layman.
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Epistemology in the Anglo-American tradition was radically shaken up by the publication of Edmund Gettier's 1963 paper "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?" which provided counter-examples to the traditional formulation of knowledge going back to Plato. A huge number of responses to the Gettier problem were formulated, generally falling into internalist and externalist camps, the latter including work by philosophers like Alvin Goldman, Fred Dretske, David Malet Armstrong and Alvin Plantinga.